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The direct conversion of methane to methanol has attracted increasing interest due to abundant and low-cost natural gas resources. Herein, by anchoring Cr-oxo/-oxyhydroxides on UiO-66 metal–organic frameworks, we demonstrate that reactive anionic oxyl radicals can be formed by controlling the coordination environment based on the results of density functional theory calculations. The anionic oxyl radicals produced at the completely oxidized CrVI site acted as the active species for facile methane activation. The thermodynamically stable CrVI-oxo/-oxyhydroxides with the anionic oxyl radicals catalyze the activation of the methane C–H bond through a homolytic mechanism. An analysis of the results showed that the catalytic performance of the active oxyl species correlates with the reaction energy of methane activation and H adsorption energies. Following methanol formation, N2O can regenerate the active sites on the most stable CrVI oxyhydroxides, i.e., the Cr(O)4Hf species. The present study demonstrated that the anionic oxyl radicals formed on the anchored CrVI oxyhydroxides by tuning the coordination environment enabled facile methane activation and facilitated methanol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance of extraterrestrial methanol makes the reaction between methanol molecules in a molecular cluster a possible key step in the search for mechanisms for the formation of more complex molecules under the conditions of the interstellar medium as well as circumstellar and planetary atmospheres. The reaction leading to the formation of the dimethyl ether ion from a methanol molecule interacting with a protonated methanol ion via the elimination of a water molecule is a basic mechanism for the formation of complex organic molecules. Here, we experimentally examine such reactions in the gas phase, analyzing the production and reactivity of protonated cluster ions formed by the ionization of a supersonic jet of methanol. Focusing especially on the post-collisional relaxation of the protonated methanol dimer and trimer ions after high-energy single collisions, the results indicate a strong size selectivity favoring the occurrence of this reaction only in the dimer ion. To elucidate this behavior, the velocity distribution of the eliminated water molecule was measured using an event-by-event coincidence analysis. These results are interpreted using quantum chemical calculations of the dissociation pathways. It turns out that in the dimer case, two transition states are able to contribute to this intracluster reaction. In the trimer case, methanol evaporation appears as the most energetically favorable relaxation pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Prior to soil formation, phosphate liberated by rock weathering is often sequestered into highly insoluble lanthanide phosphate minerals. Dissolution of these minerals releases phosphate and lanthanides to the biosphere. Currently, the microorganisms involved in phosphate mineral dissolution and the role of lanthanides in microbial metabolism are poorly understood. RESULTS: Although there have been many studies of soil microbiology, very little research has investigated microbiomes of weathered rock. Here, we sampled weathered granite and associated soil to identify the zones of lanthanide phosphate mineral solubilisation and genomically define the organisms implicated in lanthanide utilisation. We reconstructed 136 genomes from 11 bacterial phyla and found that gene clusters implicated in lanthanide-based metabolism of methanol (primarily xoxF3 and xoxF5) are surprisingly common in microbial communities in moderately weathered granite. Notably, xoxF3 systems were found in Verrucomicrobia for the first time, and in Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes and Alphaproteobacteria. The xoxF-containing gene clusters are shared by diverse Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes, and include conserved hypothetical proteins and transporters not associated with the few well studied xoxF systems. Given that siderophore-like molecules that strongly bind lanthanides may be required to solubilise lanthanide phosphates, it is notable that candidate metallophore biosynthesis systems were most prevalent in bacteria in moderately weathered rock, especially in Acidobacteria with lanthanide-based systems. CONCLUSIONS: Phosphate mineral dissolution, putative metallophore production and lanthanide utilisation by enzymes involved in methanol oxidation linked to carbonic acid production co-occur in the zone of moderate granite weathering. In combination, these microbial processes likely accelerate the conversion of granitic rock to soil.

Detection of small molecule metabolites (SMM), particularly those involved in energy metabolism using MALDI-mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), is challenging due to factors including ion suppression from other analytes present (e.g., proteins and lipids). One potential solution to enhance SMM detection is to remove analytes that cause ion suppression from tissue sections before matrix deposition through solvent washes. Here, we systematically investigated solvent treatment conditions to improve SMM signal and preserve metabolite localization. Washing with acidic methanol significantly enhances the detection of phosphate-containing metabolites involved in energy metabolism. The improved detection is due to removing lipids and highly polar metabolites that cause ion suppression and denaturing proteins that release bound phosphate-containing metabolites. Stable isotope infusions of [13C6]nicotinamide coupled to MALDI-MSI (Iso-imaging) in the kidney reveal patterns that indicate blood vessels, medulla, outer stripe, and cortex. We also observed different ATP:ADP raw signals across mouse kidney regions, consistent with regional differences in glucose metabolism favoring either gluconeogenesis or glycolysis. In mouse muscle, Iso-imaging using [13C6]glucose shows high glycolytic flux from infused circulating glucose in type 1 and 2a fibers (soleus) and relatively lower glycolytic flux in type 2b fiber type (gastrocnemius). Thus, improved detection of phosphate-containing metabolites due to acidic methanol treatment combined with isotope tracing provides an improved way to probe energy metabolism with spatial resolution in vivo.

Heat transfer and thermodynamic analysis are performed using computational fluid dynamics and chemical kinetics to investigate the synthesis gas production processes in chemical reactors with integrated heat exchangers by steam reforming. The change of thermal energy in the reactor is fully described in order to analyze the influences of fluid velocity, solid thermal properties, and flow arrangement on the thermal behavior of the reactor. The evolution of energy is discussed in terms of reaction heat flux, and thermodynamic analysis of the oxidation and reforming processes is performed in terms of enthalpy changes. The results indicate that while the net sensible enthalpy change is always positive in the reactor, the net enthalpy change for the endothermic and exothermic reactions is positive and negative, respectively. The wall thermal conductivity plays a significant role in determining the efficiency and operation of the autothermal system. The parallel flow design is advantageous for purposes of avoiding localized hot spots and enhancing heat transfer. The change in enthalpy is vital to the endothermic and exothermic reactions. The thermal behavior of the reactor system depends upon the thermal properties of the walls. The change in flow arrangement significantly affects the reaction heat flux in the reactor. The endothermic reforming reaction can proceed efficiently and rapidly if the wall thermal conductivity is high. The reaction heat flux for the endothermic and exothermic processes is negative and positive, respectively. The wall heat conduction effect accompanying temperature changes is of great importance to the autothermal design and self-sustaining operation of the reactor.

Electrochemically derived multicarbon products are a golden target for valorization of captured carbon dioxide due to the potential of turning a waste product into useful commodity chemicals with renewable energy sources. As a tantalizing approach toward their synthesis, the formose reaction utilizes catalytic condensation of formaldehyde to generate carbohydrates. While a sustainable approach to artificial carbohydrate production through electrochemical generation of formaldehyde is desirable, to date, it has not been fully realized. Here, we study the electrocatalytic conversion of methanol to formaldehyde on palladium with faradaic efficiency of over 90% at 0.9 V vs Ag/AgCl and with the partial current density of nearly 3 mA cm-2 at 1.6 V vs Ag/AgCl. We observe the concurrent generation of palladium oxides as a consequence of the high overpotentials employed, which may partially explain the higher selectivity toward the partial oxidation product. Moreover, we demonstrate that formaldehyde produced electrochemically from methanol is feasible for formose reactions without the need for further purification, achieving 21-28% carbon conversion to carbohydrates. This process, therefore, represents a potential avenue for the electrochemical generation of formaldehyde and its utilization in generating multicarbon products inaccessible by other electrocatalytic means.

Metages Ayele Akinaw,1 Suresh Kumar P Nair,1 Rashed Edris Usure,2 Bati Leta,1 Abdo Kedir,3 Selam Ayele Mola,4 Nuredin Chura Waritu,5 Mohammed Jemal,6 Berhane Kebede Mulat1 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; 4Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; 5Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 6Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Debre Merkos University, Debre Merkos, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Nuredin Chura Waritu, Tel +251919617254, Email nurmaye12@gmail.comBackground: Drug-induced kidney injury was among the most common renal damages, from which gentamicin occupies around 25% of this injury. Gentamicin-induced renal damage is caused by increased free radicals with subsequent amplified inflammation. Ajuga remota leaf extract has many phytochemicals with antioxidant activities, which may improve gentamicin-induced renal damage. Thus, we aimed to investigate the nephroprotective effect of Ajuga remota leaf methanolic extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss Albino Mice.Methods: An experimental study design was used on 30 experimental mice randomly allocated in six groups: Group I, II, II, IV, and VI, among which mice were given only distilled water, only gentamicin, 600 mg/kg Ajuga remota leaf extract only, gentamicin along with 200 mg/kg extract, gentamicin with 400 mg/kg extract and gentamicin with 600 mg/kg extract, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed after being anaesthetized, and blood samples were collected through a cardiac puncture for renal function tests while the kidneys were removed for histopathological evaluation. The data were entered into Epidata version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for further analysis using one-way analysis of variance. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.Results: Group II mice had significantly higher levels of serum creatinine and blood urea levels compared to group I and III. The body weight of the mice in group V and group VI showed a significant increase compared with Group II. Serum creatinine and blood urea levels were reduced significantly in the Ajuga remota leaf extract administered group of mice compared to group II. Abnormal kidney architectural changes were seen among group II mice; however, those changes were improved after administration of Ajuga remota leaf methanolic extract.Conclusion: Methanol extract of Ajuga remota leaf provided effective protection against gentamicin-induced oxidative renal damage through its antioxidant effects.Keywords: Ajuga remota Benth, gentamicin, nephrotoxicity, methanol

Zinc Oxide and Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (14 nm) were added to E20 (Ethanol 20% +80% Gasoline) and E20 based iso-stoichiometric ternary fuel blends of gasoline, ethanol, methanol (GEM) by means of ultrasonication technique at the concentrations of 5ppm and 10 ppm to formulate different nano fuel blends. All the test samples were tested on Spark-Ignition engine. Teaching-Learning based optimization technique (TLBO) is employed to optimize the results and identify the best performing blend. The parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbondioxide (CO2), carbonmonoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) were optimized. The optimum results were obtained for nanoparticle concentration of 5ppm and engine speed of 2900 rpm for the ZnO fuel blends. The performance and the emission characteristics obtained at the optimum operating parameters were 36.5 % BTE, 0.22 kg/kWh of BSFC, 41ppm of HC, 788 ppm of NOx, 0.29% CO, 13.26% CO2.

We have studied the decomposition of methanol-d4 on thin film Al2O3/NiAl(100) under near-ambient-pressure conditions, with varied surface-probe techniques and calculations based on density-functional theory. Methanol-d4 neither adsorbed nor reacted on Al2O3/NiAl(100) at 400 K under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, whereas they dehydrogenated, largely to methoxy-d3 (CD3O*, * denoting adsorbates) and formaldehyde-d2 (CD2O*), on the surface when the methanol-d4 partial pressure was increased to 10−3 mbar and above. The dehydrogenation was facilitated by hydroxyl (OH* or OD*) from the dissociation of little co-adsorbed water; a small fraction of CD2O* interacted further with OH* (OD*) to form, via intermediate CD2OOH* (CD2OOD*), formic acid (DCOOH* or DCOOD*). A few surface carbonates were also yielded, likely on the defect sites of Al2O3/NiAl(100). The results suggest that alumina not only supports metal clusters but also participates in reactions under realistic catalytic conditions. One may consider accordingly the multiple functions of alumina while designing ideal catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is regarded as a promising power source to establish green energy conversion system, its overall performance is largely limited by the slow methanol oxidation kinetics of current anode catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate a robust and facile bottom-up strategy for the controllable construction of ultrafine PtRu alloy nanoparticles immobilized onto three-dimensional (3D) interconnected Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene-graphene frameworks (PtRu/MXene-G) through a co-assembly process. Interestingly, the utilization of 3D porous MXene-G matrix provides strong interfacial interactions with alloy nanocrystals and promotes the transportation of both reactant and electron during the electrocatalytic process, while the introduction of Ru atoms ameliorates the Pt electronic structure and generates plentiful hydroxyl species for the oxidative removal of CO byproducts. Working together, the resulting PtRu/MXene-G nanoarchitecture with an appropriate Pt/Ru atomic ratio exhibits exceptional methanol oxidation properties in terms of a large electrochemically active surface area of 101.8 m2 g−1, a high mass (specific) activity of 1779.5 mA mg−1 (1.75 mA cm−2), and good long-term stability, all of which are significantly superior to those of conventional Pt/carbon black, Pt/G, Pt/MXene, and Pt/MXene-G catalysts with an identical Pt usage. A facile and robust bottom-up approach is developed to the controllable synthesis of ultrafine PtRu alloy nanoparticles immobilized onto 3D interconnected porous Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene-graphene frameworks, which exhibit exceptional electrocatalytic performance towards the methanol oxidation reaction. [Display omitted] • The bottom-up construction of PtRu-decorated 3D MXene-graphene frameworks is achieved. • The 3D porous MXene-graphene matrix is favorable for the transportation of both reactants and electrons. • The ultrafine PtRu nanocrystals with homogeneous dispersion provides numerous accessible catalytic sites. • The optimized hybrid nanoarchitecture expresses exceptional methanol oxidation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The methanol extract of Hypericum linarioides (MHL) has positive effect on human dermal fibroblast cell proliferation. • MHL-containing nanoemulsion formulation (MHL-NEF) with droplet size less than 160 nm was prepared successfully. • For MHL and MHL-NEF, the maximum cell viability% was obtained at 0.4 µg/mL. • It was observed as a result of scratch assay that NEF improved the wound-healing potential of MHL. • TGF-β1 and FGFR-2 expressions in MHL-NEF-treated fibroblast cells increased significantly at 24 h. It was aimed to develop and in vitro characterize the methanol extract of Hypericum linarioides (MHL)-containing nanoemulsion formulation (MHL-NEF) to heal the wound effectively. MHL-NEF was prepared and its droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, pH and zeta potential (ZP) values were determined. The effect of MHL and MHL-NEF on human dermal fibroblast cell viability was examined by MTT assay. Also, their wound healing potential was evaluated using the scratch assay. The droplet size, PDI, ZP, pH and viscosity values for the MHL-NEF were found to be 157.67±7.61 nm, 0.268±0.036, (-)40.20±6.79 mV, 4.27±0.01, and 1.82±0.01 cP, respectively. In the cell viability assay, the highest percentage of living cells was obtained at concentration of 0.4 µg/mL for the MHL and MHL-NEF. In the scratch assay, MHL-NEF showed significantly ameliorated wound closure (%) rates at 24 and 30 h than the groups of control, MHL and blank-NEF (NEF without MHL) (p < 0.001). Immunofluorescence staining was carried out. TGF-β1 and FGFR-2 expressions in MHL-NEF-treated fibroblast cells increased significantly at 24 h compared to the groups of control, MHL, and B-NEF (p < 0.001). Our findings show that MHL-NEF may be promising for better wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the ability of cosolvency and activity coefficient models in the prediction of drugs solubility in methanol + water mixtures by choosing a minimum number of experimental data point. For this purpose, the available solubility datasets of drugs were gathered from papers published from 2012 to 2022 and selected seven number of each dataset as the training data whereas the rest of datapoints were the predictive data. Moreover, the effect number of model's parameters on their accuracies was investigated by training the models with selecting of 12 data points. The results indicated that the accuracy of cosolvency models was better than the activity coefficient models; so that, the simple cosolvency model of Jouyban-Acree which does not require the physicochemical properties of drugs including melting point, fusion enthalpy and also molecular parameters of van der Waals area and volume predicted the drugs solubility with more accuracy (MRDs% of 4.1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to evaluate Tunisian Tamarix africana Poir biological activities. In this study, novel biological activities of the shoot extracts related to their phenolics investigated. Secondary metabolite contents, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of four extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water) were investigated. Antioxidant activities were assessed via in vitro and ex vivo assays. Besides, anticancer activity was investigated against human lung carcinoma (A-549) and colon adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cells. The anti-inflammatory ability was evaluated via inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines. Methanol and water extracts displayed the highest antioxidant (IC50 = 3.3 and 4.3 µg/mL respectively), which are correlated activities correlated with phenolic contents. Hexane extract exhibited an important anti-inflammatory effect inhibiting NO ability by 100% at 80 µg/mL. Besides, T. africana extracts were found to be active against A-549 lung carcinoma cells with IC50 values ranging from 20 to 34 µg/mL. These results suggested that T. africana is considered as a potential source of readily accessible natural molecules with a promising effect on human health and diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • FeNb 2 O 6 /3D interconnected N -doped carbon cages were synthesized by methanol-induced assembly and pyrolysis strategy. • The methanol evaporation promotes the assembly and crosslinkage of ZIF-8, resulting in 3D interconnected cage-like superstructure. • The 3D structure provides a spacious surface area and abundant defects for interfacial mass and electron transfer. • FeNb 2 O 6 /NICC showed excellent performances of the ORR and Zn-air battery. Three-dimensional (3D) hollow carbon is one of advanced nanomaterials widely applied in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, iron niobate (FeNb 2 O 6) nanoparticles supported on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived 3D N -doped interconnected open carbon cages (FeNb 2 O 6 /NICC) were prepared by methanol induced assembly and pyrolysis strategy. During the fabrication process, the evaporation of methanol promoted the assembly and cross linkage of ZIF-8, rather than individual particles. The assembled ZIF-8 particles worked as in-situ sacrificial templates, in turn forming hierarchically interconnected open carbon cages after high-temperature pyrolysis. The as-made FeNb 2 O 6 /NICC showed a positive onset potential of 1.09 V and a half-wave potential of 0.88 V for the ORR, outperforming commercial Pt/C under the identical conditions. Later on, the as-built Zn-air battery with the FeNb 2 O 6 /NICC presented a greater power density of 100.6 mW cm−2 and durable long-cycle stability by operating for 200 h. For preparing 3D hollow carbon materials, this synthesis does not require a tedious removal process of template, which is more convenient than traditional method with silica and polystyrene spheres as templates. This work affords an exceptional example of developing 3D N -doped interconnected hollow carbon composites for energy conversion and storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some drawbacks of aqueous electrolytes, such as freezing at low temperatures and extensive evaporation at high temperatures, restrict their industrial viability. This article introduces a stabilized neutral aqueous choline nitrate electrolyte with a 10 vol.% methanol additive that improves the temperature stability of the electrolyte via enhanced hydrogen bonding with the choline cation and water and maintains the good state of health of the supercapacitor cells under extreme operating conditions. The symmetric carbon/carbon supercapacitor in 5 mol/kg choline nitrate + 10 vol.% methanol (σ = 76 ms/cm at 25°C) exhibits 103 F/g at room temperature during galvanostatic charge/discharge up to 1.5 V, which decreases to 78 F/g at -40°C due to the suppressed Faradaic reactions occurring at the carbon electrode. However, under similar charge/discharge conditions, the capacitance increases to 112 F/g when the supercapacitor operates at 60°C. This capacitance increase at high temperatures is due to the Faradaic reactions related to enhanced hydrogen adsorption and desorption. The most remarkable aspect of the proposed supercapacitor is its ability to maintain capacitance and power performance during high voltage floating at 1.5 V at three tested temperatures (-40°C, 24°C, and 60°C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar‐energy‐driven photoreduction of CO2 is promising in alleviating environment burden, but suffers from low efficiency and over‐reliance on sacrificial agents. Herein, rhenium (Re) is atomically dispersed in In2O3 to fabricate a 2Re‐In2O3 photocatalyst. In sacrificial‐agent‐free photoreduction of CO2 with H2O, 2Re‐In2O3 shows a long‐term stable efficiency which is enhanced by 3.5 times than that of pure In2O3 and is also higher than those on Au‐In2O3, Ag‐In2O3, Cu‐In2O3, Ir‐In2O3, Ru‐In2O3, Rh‐In2O3 and Pt‐In2O3 photocatalysts. Moreover, carbon‐based product of the photoreduction overturns from CO on pure In2O3 to CH3OH on 2Re‐In2O3. Re promotes charge separation, H2O dissociation and CO2 activation, thus enhancing photoreduction efficiency of CO2 on 2Re‐In2O3. During the photoreduction, CO is a key intermediate. CO prefers to desorption rather than hydrogenation on pure In2O3, as CO binds to pure In2O3 very weakly. Re strengthens the interaction of CO with 2Re‐In2O3 by 5.0 times, thus limiting CO desorption but enhancing CO hydrogenation to CH3OH. This could be the origin for photoreduction product overturn from CO on pure In2O3 to CH3OH on 2Re‐In2O3. The present work opens a new way to boost sacrificial‐agent‐free photoreduction of CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formaldehyde is a platform chemical used for example in the syntheses of polymers and complex molecules. The current formaldehyde synthesis relies on high temperatures to produce an aqueous solution, which requires energy intensive water removal for its use as a C1 building block. In this work, we report the successful electrification of the direct synthesis of anhydrous formaldehyde from methanol. Sustainable formaldehyde is produced with Faraday efficiencies of 80% in an H-cell and even up to 90% and elevated current densities in a scaled-up flow reactor. Comparing different reaction conditions, we furthermore show an impact of the current density and electrolyte concentration on the prevalent reaction mechanism. Our study demonstrates a selective and efficient electrochemical synthesis of dry formaldehyde at relevant scales, paving the way for green industrial production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical gas sensor has been fabricated using molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes on screen-printed electrodes. Methanol vapour was chosen as the target due to its toxicity as its suitability as a model for more harmful pollutant gases. The sensor functions under ambient conditions and in the required concentration range, in contrast to all previous MIP-based gas sensors for methanol. The sensitivity of the sensor was greatly improved by the addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes, resulting in a limit of detection of approximately 10 ppm. The nanoMIPs provide an inherent selectivity for the target inherent in its design. Selectivity studies were performed with structurally analogous alcohols at various concentrations, demonstrating selectivity for methanol 12.1 times that for ethanol at 2 mmol dm−3 and 4.2 times that for ethanol at 1 mmol dm−3. Interactions with isopropanol and n-propanol were found to be non-specific, and the response to water was negligible. This demonstrates an improvement over previous methanol gas sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers. No response was observed with carbon nanotubes alone, and no selectivity was observed with non-imprinted equivalents of the nanoMIP sensor. The resulting device is by far the most practical MIP-based instrument for methanol gas sensing thus far described in the literature, being the only example capable of functioning at the necessary methanol vapour concentrations and at the required temperature and humidity. With the selectivity and sensitivity described and the simple design, the developed device provides a substantial advance in the field of molecularly imprinted gas sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work utilized an innovative and economical remediation method to convert inexpensive waste feedstock into extremely useful catalysts. The procedure centered on polyethylene (PE), an easily accessible substance, and effectively transformed it at a mild temperature utilizing a new solvothermal technique, which entailed the reaction of sulfuric acid with PE chains at 120 °C. Throughout this process, the polymer experienced a pivotal cross-linking stage, resulting in its conversion into carbon materials when exposed to temperatures above 500 °C. To improve the catalytic characteristics, platinum (Pt) was effectively integrated into the resultant carbon matrix using the existing impregnation technique. Further, the catalyst's physicochemical properties were thoroughly analyzed utilizing SEM, FTIR, and XRD techniques. After that, the catalyst's performance was thoroughly evaluated in several electrocatalytic reactions, such as methanol oxidation, oxygen evolution and reduction reactions, and hydrogen evolution. The results of this investigation reveal the impressive electrocatalytic ability of the Pt/C catalyst made from waste plastic. It was found to be comparable to the best commercially available Pt/C catalysts in all the reactions that were examined. This research not only demonstrates the possibility of using waste plastic for catalyst production, but also serves as the first documented example, based on successfully converting waste plastic bags into Pt/C through the conventional Liquid Phase Reduction (LPR) process. This novel method has great potential for sustainable and ecologically responsible catalytic applications. • The waste plastic derived Pt/C catalyst was prepared by solvothermal method. • For MOR plastic derived Pt/C shows electrocatalytic activity of 96.74 mA/cm2 current density and 46 % stability. • For OER it attain a current density of 10 mA/cm2 at a potential of 1.65 V. • For HER achieve current density of 10 mA/cm2 at a low voltage of 39.1 mV. • For ORR it exhibits −2.80 mA cm⁻2 of current density and half potential of 0.86 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygenated fuels and nitro fuels are effective strategies for addressing incomplete combustion by increasing the oxygen-fuel ratio. A computational approach based on reactive molecular dynamics simulations reveals oxidation mechanisms of temperature-induced effects on a mixed fuel of methanol and nitromethane. The method enables the demonstration of the initial reaction scheme of a binary fuel mixture, even for complicated interplay and coupling reactions. The results showed that the first reaction step of nitromethane was homolysis in poor-oxygen conditions, mainly via CH 3 NO 2 → CH 3 + NO 2 (Net flux = 183, ratio = 92.89%). Methanol undergoes dehydrogenation reaction with the assistance of active radicals (OH, HO 2 , CH 3 , NO, and NO 2), and the participation rates of these active groups are 60%, 17.14%, 8.57%, 7.62%, and 6.67%, respectively. The decomposition of nitromethane provided NO 2 and CH 3 radicals and significantly increased the amount of OH and NO via a reaction of NO 2 + H → HNO 2 → OH + NO. By fragment analysis, the main C1 intermediates are formed by pyrolysis of methanol/nitromethane such as formaldehyde, hydroxymethyl radical, and formyl radical. The CH 3 OH and CH 2 O are relatively stable, and the dehydrogenation is mainly highly active groups such as OH and NO. In contrast, the dehydrogenation of CH 2 OH and CHO free radicals is completed by self-cleavage or with the help of O 2 , NO 2 , etc. Our findings shed light on the oxidation behaviors of methanol/nitromethane mixed fuel in combustion. • The oxidation mechanism of mixed fuel is explored using the RMD simulation. • The initial reaction of methanol/nitromethane is analyzed. • The evolution of main intermediates is studied at different conditions. • The influence of temperature on products distribution is elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores the viability of selectively upgrading methanol to formate as a potential route for hydrogen production, with a particular emphasis on replacing the anodic oxygen evolution reaction in electrolyzers. Transition metal-based electrocatalysts demonstrate significant potential for selectively upgrading methanol to formate. The review elucidates the challenges associated with noble metal-based electrocatalysts, including catalyst deactivation resulting from carbon monoxide (CO) intermediate adsorption and restricted methanol-to-formate selectivity. Mechanistic insights are delved into, with a focus on electrochemical methanol oxidation pathways such as O–H and C–H activation. The impact of methanol concentration on selectivity is examined, alongside the interaction between methanol oxidation and oxygen evolution. Catalyst composition is scrutinized, highlighting nickel-based and Ni-free materials, while exploring strategies to reduce cell voltage, advanced characterization techniques (e.g., in-situ Raman, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy), nanotechnology advancements, and cost-effective hydrogen production through methanol-assisted water splitting. Additionally, the review underscores the potential of methanol upgrading for hydrogen production, acknowledges existing challenges, and proposes innovative avenues for future research. • Investigates methanol assisted H 2 production. • Highlights electrode degradation and selectivity limits. • Proposes innovative catalyst design research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-driven artificial photosynthesis by the use of photocatalysts to convert CO2 into valuable chemical fuels provided a promising route to simultaneously alleviate the energy crisis and resolve environmental issues caused by CO2. Among the many CO2 reduction products, CH3OH is very desirable, not only because of its use in the preparation of many commercial chemicals, but also it is easy to store and handle. However, the reduction to form CH3OH directly was difficult to control. In recent years, CsPbBr3 NCs have emerged as potential photocatalysts for CO2 reduction due to their unique optoelectronic properties. Herein, the heterostructure of CsPbBr3 and carboxyl-modified rGO (rGO-COOH) was designed for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. In the solid-vapor reaction mode, only CO and CH3OH were detected for all samples after 2h of photocatalytic reaction. Through the construction of CsPbBr3/rGO-COOH composites, the total yield of CO and CH3OH products was 88.296 µmol g-1 and 90.300 µmol g-1, respectively. The average electron consumption rate (Relectron) was 359.196 µmol g-1 h-1, which was higher than that of previously reported CsPbBr3-based catalysis. This study provides new insights for designing CsPbBr3 composites and opens up new possibilities to utilize CsPbBr3 NCs to obtain CH3OH in photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The larval stage of the parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l) is responsible for cystic echinococcosis (CE), a long-term infection affecting humans and animals worldwide, and constitutes a serious public health concern. If left untreated, CE can cause serious damage to multiple organs, especially the liver and lungs. Regarding the treatment, in the last few years, the use of pharmacological treatment has increased, suggesting that in the future, drug therapy may replace surgery for uncomplicated cysts. However, the only available anthelmintic drug to treat this infection is the albendazole, which has an efficacy that does not exceed 50%. On the basis of the above-mentioned evidence, new and improved alternative treatments are urgently needed. The use of natural products and their active fractions and components holds great promise as a valuable resource for the development of novel and effective therapies. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a bittering agent in the brewing industry for which the sedative, digestive, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects have been reported. The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro efficacy of methanolic extracts from the leaves of hop varieties against E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s) protoscoleces. Varieties Mapuche and Victoria caused a stronger protoscolicidal effect compared to the Bullion, Cascade, and Traful varieties (P < 0.01), coinciding with their highest content of flavonoids, total polyphenols, and saponins. The viability of protoscoleces treated with the varieties Mapuche and Victoria decreased to approximately 50% at days 5 y 8, respectively, showing alterations such as soma contraction and impaired microtriches. After 18 days of treatment with both varieties, protoscoleces were completely altered both structurally and ultrastructurally. In conclusion, the methanolic extracts of the H. lupulus varieties Mapuche and Victoria demonstrated a marked in vitro effect against E. granulosus s.s. protoscoleces. The beer-making industry exclusively uses hop cones, leaving behind large amounts of hop leaves as an agricultural by-product that is not being utilized. On the basis of our study, we propose that hop leaves could also be used as a source of secondary metabolites with anthelmintic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO 2) to methanol presents a significant opportunity for both mitigating climate change and producing a valuable chemical feedstock. While existing reviews delve into diverse modeling strategies, the role and potential of machine learning (ML) approaches remain largely unexplored. This review addresses the gap by comprehensively exploring the mechanism, workflow, and application of ML models in the methanol production process. The review highlights the significance of ML application in catalytic CO 2 hydrogenation for methanol synthesis, emphasizing process optimization, predicting methanol performance indicators, thermodynamic modeling, reaction kinetics, and assessing catalyst activity. Furthermore, the review delves into cutting-edge approaches like hybrid models, gray-box models, and digital twins, showcasing their potential to revolutionize the methanol production process. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for forthcoming research aimed at optimizing the CO 2 conversion process to efficiently and sustainably produce methanol. [Display omitted] • Machine learning models are extensively employed in catalytic hydrogenation to produce methanol. • This review is dedicated to the analysis and synthesis of these models as well as to their applications. • ML exhibits high accuracy in modeling CO 2 hydrogenation into methanol. • ML models predict key performance indicators of methanol and optimize reaction conditions. • Innovative ML, gray box, digital twin, and Hybrid algorithms leverage vast databases in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Fe3+ complex with N3S3‐type tripod ligand, 1, reacts with O2 in CH3OH to generate formaldehyde, which has been studied structurally, spectroscopically, and electrochemically. Complex 1 crystallizes as an octahedral structure with crystallographic C3 symmetry around the metal, with Fe‐N=2.2917(17) Å and Fe‐S=2.3574(6) Å. UV‐vis spectrum of 1 in CH3OH under Ar shows an intense band at 572 nm (ϵ 4,100 M−1cm−1), which shifts to 590 nm (ϵ 2,860 M−1cm−1) by the addition of O2, and a new peak appeared at 781 nm (ϵ 790 M−1cm−1). Such a spectral change is not observed in CH2Cl2. Cyclic voltammogram (CV) of 1 in CH2Cl2 under Ar gives reversible redox waves assigned to Fe2+/Fe3+ and Fe3+/Fe4+ couples at −1.60 V (ΔE=69 mV) and −0.53 V (ΔE=71 mV) vs Fc/Fc+, respectively. In contrast, in CH3OH, the reversible redox waves, albeit accompanied by a positive shift of the Fe2+/Fe3+ couple, are observed at −1.20 V (ΔE=85 mV) and −0.53 V (ΔE=64 mV) vs Fc/Fc+ under Ar. Interestingly, a catalytic current was observed for the CV of 1 in CH3OH in the presence of CH3ONa under Ar, when the sweep rate was slowed down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The controllable photocatalytic C−C coupling of methanol to produce ethylene glycol (EG) is a highly desirable but challenging objective for replacing the current energy‐intensive thermocatalytic process. Here, we develop a metal‐free porous boron nitride catalyst that demonstrates exceptional selectivity in the photocatalytic production of EG from methanol under mild conditions. Comprehensive experiments and calculations are conducted to thoroughly investigate the reaction mechanism, revealing that the OB3 unit in the porous BN plays a critical role in the preferential activation of C−H bond in methanol to form ⋅CH2OH via a concerted proton‐electron transfer mechanism. More prominent energy barriers are observed for the further dehydrogenation of the ⋅CH2OH intermediate on the OB3 unit, inhibiting the formation of some other by‐products during the catalytic process. Additionally, a small downhill energy barrier for the coupling of ⋅CH2OH in the OB3 unit promotes the selective generation of EG. This study provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and can serve as a guide for the design and optimization of photocatalysts for efficient and selective EG production under mild conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The side chain alkylation of toluene with methanol was studied on a series of CsX catalysts prepared by varying the Cs species and ion exchange conditions. The effects of various parameters, such as the exchanging temperatures and times on the adsorption/activation properties of different CsX catalysts, were investigated by combining a variety of characterization means for understanding the role of Cs species in the side chain alkylation reaction. On the basis of the various characterization results and their related literature results, it can be proposed that the Cs ions located on the ion-exchanged sites of X zeolites could effectively adsorb and activate toluene molecularly through modifying the basicity of framework oxygen, whereas the cluster of cesium oxide (Cs2O) could ensure the effective conversion of methanol into formaldehyde. Additionally, Cs ions can promote the production of monodentate formate, which enhances the selectivity of styrene. However, too much Cs2O will lead to the excessive decomposition of methanol into CO2, CO, and H2, thus inhibiting the production of styrene. In summary, the presence of suitable amounts of Cs ions and Cs2O clusters plays a significant role in the formation of the side chain products of styrene and ethylbenzene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the implementation of mainstream partial denitrification with anammox (PdNA) in the second anoxic zone of a wastewater treatment process in an integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) configuration. A pilot study was conducted to compare the use of methanol and glycerol as external carbon sources for an IFAS PdNA startup, with a goal to optimize nitrogen removal while minimizing carbon usage. The study also investigated the establishment of anammox bacteria on virgin carriers in IFAS reactors without the use of seeding, and it is the first IFAS PdNA startup to use methanol as an external carbon source. The establishment of anammox bacteria was confirmed in both reactors 102 days after startup. Although the glycerol‐fed reactor achieved a higher steady‐state maximum ammonia removal rate because of anammox bacteria (1.6 ± 0.3 g/m2/day) in comparison with the methanol‐fed reactor (1.2 ± 0.2 g/m2/day), both the glycerol‐ and methanol‐fed reactors achieved similar average in situ ammonia removal rates of 0.39 ± 0.2 g/m2/day and 0.40 ± 0.2 g/m2/day, respectively. Additionally, when the upstream ammonia versus NOx (AvN) control system maintained an ideal ratio of 0.40–0.50 g/g, the methanol‐fed reactor attained a lower average effluent TIN concentration (3.50 ± 1.2 mg/L) than the glycerol‐fed reactor (4.43 ± 1.6 mg/L), which was prone to elevated nitrite concentrations in the effluent. Overall, this research highlights the potential for PdNA in IFAS configurations as an efficient and cost‐saving method for wastewater treatment, with methanol as a viable carbon source for the establishment of anammox bacteria. Practitioner Points: Methanol is an effective external carbon source for an anammox startup that avoids the need for costly alternative carbon sources.The methanol‐fed reactor demonstrated higher TIN removal compared with the glycerol‐fed reactor because of less overproduction of nitrite.Anammox bacteria was established in an IFAS reactor without seeding and used internally stored carbon to reduce external carbon addition.Controlling the influent ammonia versus NOx (AvN) ratio between 0.40 and 0.50 g/g allowed for low and stable TIN effluent conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of methanol holds significant potential for enhancing the spray atomization of biodiesel, particularly at high altitudes. The aim of this work is to use experiments and CFD methods to study the effects of methanol addition to biodiesel in different ratios (0 %, 10 %, and 20 % in volume) on the spray characteristics, and compare the differences of those spray and evaporation characteristics under diesel working conditions between various altitudes. The experimental results show that biodiesel/methanol blends have shorter spray tip penetration and larger cone angle compared to biodiesel under non-vaporizing conditions. However, the impact of methanol on the spray characteristics decreases with increased injection pressure. Simulation results show that, at high altitudes, biodiesel/methanol blends have shorter liquid penetration but little change in gas penetration than biodiesel. Sauter mean diameter (SMD) decreases with increasing methanol ratio, furthermore, this trend becomes more pronounced at higher altitudes. The evaporation rate of blends increases with the rise in the methanol ratio; nevertheless, this promotional effect diminishes with increasing altitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of carbonization temperature on the electrocatalytic performance of CF/Pd catalysts for methanol oxidation, a series of CF/Pd catalysts were prepared by electrospinning heat treatment carbonization impregnation method. The carbonization temperatures were set at 800, 1 000, and 1 200 ²C, respectively. The obtained CF/Pd catalyst samples were characterized by microscopic morphology, composition analysis, and electrochemical testing. Research has found that at 800 ²C, PAN/CA fibers have completely carbonized, but as the carbonization temperature increases, the degree of fibrosis of CF/Pd catalysts gradually decreases, and the bonding phenomenon becomes more obvious. The electrocatalytic performance of methanol oxidation shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the carbonization temperature is 1 000 ²C, the CF/Pd catalyst has the best electrocatalytic performance for methanol oxidation, with a catalytic activity 5.4 times that of commercial Pd/ C catalysts and a stability 16. 2 times that of commercial Pd/C catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet climate targets, a global shift away from fossil fuels is essential. For sectors where electrification is impractical, it is crucial to find sustainable energy carriers. Renewable methanol is widely considered a promising fuel for powering heavy-duty applications like shipping, freight transport, agriculture, and industrial machines due to its various sustainable production methods. While current technological efforts focus mainly on dual-fuel engines in shipping, future progress hinges on single-fuel solutions using renewable methanol to achieve net-zero goals in the heavy-duty sector. This review examines the research status of technologies enabling methanol as the sole fuel for heavy-duty applications. Three main categories emerged from the literature: spark-ignition, compression-ignition, and pre-chamber systems. Each concept's operational principles and characteristics regarding efficiency, stability, and emissions were analyzed. Spark-ignition concepts are a proven and cost-effective solution with high maturity. However, they face limitations due to knock issues, restricting power output with larger bore sizes. Compression-ignition concepts inherently do not suffer from end-gas autoignition, but encounter challenges related to ignitability due to the low cetane number of methanol. Nonetheless, various methods for achieving autoignition of methanol exist. To obtain stable combustion at all load points, a combination of techniques will be required. Pre-chamber technology, despite its lower maturity, holds promise for extending the knock limit and enhancing efficiency by acting as a distributed ignition source. Furthermore, mixing-controlled pre-chamber concepts show potential for eliminating knock and the associated size and power limitations. The review concludes by comparing each technology and identifying research gaps for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, conventional spark–ignition engines face challenges in meeting the ever-growing demands of customers and increasingly stringent regulations regarding pollutant emissions. A combination of innovative strategies and carbon-neutral fuels is deemed necessary in order to further reduce fuel consumption and minimize engine emissions. The present work aims to assess the performance of combustion strategies using low-carbon-content fuel, such as methanol M100, ignited by a plasma-assisted igniter (PAI) under ultra-lean conditions. The experimental campaign is conducted on a single-cylinder research engine at 1000 rpm and low loads, moving up to the engine lean stable limits. The specific purpose of this work is to determine the benefits brought by the proposed strategy, referred to as M100–PAI, which compared market gasoline E5 ignited by the PAI system and conventional spark. The synergy between M100 (methanol) and Plasma-Assisted Ignition (PAI) in internal combustion engines yielded notable benefits. This combination significantly improved combustion stability if compared to the other combinations tested, by extending the lean stable limit to λ = 2.0, reducing cycle-to-cycle variability, and facilitating faster flame front acceleration, resulting in enhanced homogeneity. These enhancements, obtained with the combination M100–PAI, contributed to higher fuel efficiency, showing a 10% efficiency gain over the combination E5–gasoline spark ignition. The findings highlight the potential of innovative combustion strategies using low-carbon fuels and advanced ignition systems to meet stringent emissions regulations while improving engine performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A shell-and-tube Methanol Steam Reformer (MSR) system was designed for diesel engines. The effects of structural and operational parameters of the spiral baffles in the methanol reformer on heat transfer and hydrogen production performance were investigated. Additionally, a multi-objective optimization using response surface methodology was conducted to study the interactive effects of spacing and thickness, as well as liquid hourly space velocity and steam–methanol ratio, on the methanol conversion rate, hydrogen concentration and hydrogen production. The results indicated that reducing the baffle spacing and increasing the baffle thickness further improved heat transfer efficiency. Optimal conditions were achieved at a spacing of 30 mm and a thickness of 2 mm, resulting in a methanol conversion rate of 64.2 %. Increasing the steam–methanol ratio from 0.5 to 2 increased the methanol conversion rate from 50.6 % to 79.7 %, with a subsequent decrease in hydrogen concentration. Increasing the liquid hourly space velocity from 635 h−1 to 1905 h−1 significantly reduced the methanol conversion rate from 94.5 % to 64.2 %, but the hydrogen production increased from 0.111 mol/s to 0.228 mol/s. Optimization results indicate that the liquid hourly space velocity and steam–methanol ratio have a greater influence on the hydrogen production efficiency of the methanol reformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous nano-sized γ–Al2O3 and γ–Al2O3–CeO2 (20 wt% CeO2) catalysts were successfully synthesized through a sol–gel surfactant-free process, using cerium nitrate and aluminum nitrate as precursors. The obtained γ-aluminas were then characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and temperature-programmed desorption with ammonia. Afterward, the structural properties of the prepared catalysts were monitored through surface area analysis measurements. Finally, the catalytic activity of the obtained aluminas were studied in methanol dehydration reaction. Methanol conversion and selectivities to different products were measured at different reaction temperatures by gas chromatography. The optimum temperature of catalytic reaction in the presence of alumina-ceria was 300 °C due to 100% DME selectivity and 91% methanol conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxic alcohol poisoning is regularly encountered in emergency departments and intensive care units (ICUs). Most patients present with an altered level of consciousness, but the subsequent course and spectrum of neurologic complications and outcomes is highly variable. Methods: We performed a population-based, multicenter retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients with toxic alcohol poisoning admitted to ICUs in Alberta, Canada, between 2007 and 2019 to describe neurologic sequelae, including seizures, coma, neuroimaging abnormalities, persistent cognitive or visual impairment, and mortality. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of poor outcome. Results: We identified 104 patients, including 55 (53%) with methanol ingestion, 36 (35%) with ethylene glycol ingestion, and 13 (13%) with isopropanol ingestion. In patients who underwent neuroimaging, abnormalities were detected in 9 of 24 (38%) with methanol toxicity, 5 of 20 (25%) with ethylene glycol toxicity, and 0 of 10 with isopropanol toxicity (p = 0.07). Basal ganglia were commonly involved with both methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning, but prominent subcortical involvement and restricted diffusion were observed only with methanol poisoning. The composite of death, persistent cognitive impairment, or visual loss occurred in 13 (24%) patients with methanol poisoning, compared with one (3%) with ethylene glycol poisoning and none with isopropanol poisoning (p = 0.006). Among patients with methanol toxicity, greater elevation of the anion gap and lower Glasgow Coma Scale score were independent predictors of poor outcome. No patient with an anion gap ≥ 28 at presentation had a favorable recovery. Progression to death by neurologic criteria occurred in 3 of 55 (5%) patients with methanol poisoning and in none with other toxic alcohols. Conclusions: Methanol overdose is the most common form of toxic alcohol poisoning to result in ICU admission. Poor neurologic outcomes may occur especially with methanol poisoning, with more than one in five patients dying or having persistent cognitive or visual impairment. A wide anion gap independently predicts poor outcome, emphasizing the importance of expeditious recognition and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antibiofilm, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of the methanolic extract of Padina pavonica L. were determined. Results deduced that the algal extract had a high biofilm formation inhibitory action done via crystal violet (CV) assay, to 88–99%. The results showed a strong antibacterial against the identified bacteria species. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, and the extract had moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Streptococcus agalactiae. The algal extract has a concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity (84.59%, with IC50 = 170.31 µg/ml). The inhibitory percent of P. pavonica methanolic extract in vitro antiproliferative activity was 1.79–98.25% with IC50 = 15.14 µg/ml against lung carcinoma. Phenols, terpenes, amino acids, alkaloids, flavones, alcohols, and fatty acids were among the metabolites whose biological actions were evaluated. In conclusion, for the first time, P. pavonica methanolic extract exhibited effective antibiofilm, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cladding of PMMA based polymer optical fibers (POFs) is doped by Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) in the solution composed of water and methanol. Methanol is added in order to lower the doping temperature compared to that of pure water. Results show that addition of methanol, like raising temperature, can effectively accelerate the doping process. It is also found that there is a critical doping temperature for the solution of given methanol content. Above that temperature, the doping process dramatically impairs the fiber and the fiber loss increases too much for further application. In addition, Microscope observation of cross-sections of doped fibers indicate that Rh6G only diffuses into the cladding. Concentration measurement of Rh6G in the cladding and the core of doped fibers confirms that there is almost no Rh6G in the core. In short, this study reveals that the doping process of PMMA based POFs can be accelerated by adding methanol into water at the same temperature. Most importantly, the solution of methanol and water may be able to dissolve those dopants that are insoluble in pure water, making the aqueous solution based doping method suitable for more dopants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PdZn/TiO2 catalysts have been investigated for the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. Varying the ratio of Pd and Zn using TiO2 as a support has a dramatic effect on catalytic performance. Chemical vapour impregnation was used to produce PdZn alloys on TiO2 and X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed changes in the structure at varying total PdZn molar ratios. Compared to monometallic Pd/TiO2, introducing a low loading of Zn drastically changes product selectivity. When Pd is alloyed with Zn above a total Zn/Pd = 1 molar ratio, methanol selectivity is improved. Therefore, for enhanced methanol productivity, it is crucial for the Zn loading to be higher than that required for the stoichiometric formation of the 1:1 β-PdZn alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of potasium boasted phosphomolybdic acid (PM) catalysts were successfully synthesized by ion-exchange method. These materials were characterized by BET surface area, FT-IR, XRD, Pyridine adsorbed FT-IR and TEM analysis to find the structural and nature of acidic sites of the catalyst. BET surface area result reveals that surface area significantly improved after K loadings compare to pure phosphomolybdic acid. XRD results provide crystallites of cubic Keggin ion were observed after K loading. FT-IR results provide characteristic Keggin ion bands were retained even after K loadings. TEM analysis reveals spherical morphology is maintained even after K loadings and KPM-2 catalyst exhibits smaller particle size than other K loadings. Pyridine adsorbed FT-IR spectra exhibits Brønsted to Lewis acidic sites ratio is higher in case of KPM-2 when compared to other K loadings. These synthesized K boasted PM materials were evaluated for oxidative esterification of benzyl alcohol to methyl benzoate possesses higher activity and selectivity during reaction than pure PM catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]